TV series

IRIS Wiki - Narrative Theories - TV series

Authors

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Histo-geographical placement

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Type of story

Television Series.

Parent Theories

The study of TV series consists in examining in which extent existing narrative theories such as Aristotle's dramatic arc, Genette's discourse/story distinction apply to TV series or on the contrary if these theories should be extended to accomodate the specificity of the episodic format.

Child Theories

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Brief Description

While the genre of TV series, and some of its sub-genres such as soap operas, are historically underrated, it is now agreed among theorician that TV series are the locus of many narrative innovations that seem to challenge existing narrative theories and thus deserve much attention (Bowles, 2000). Many studies exist regarding the social aspect of TV series, much less in their narrative aspect (Mittel, 2006). From the narrative point of view, the main characteristics of TV series is their episodic nature. Instead of being watched in one single session as a film, TV series are split into a series of fixed length episodes, usually about one hour. This single characteristics has several consequences, that we will overview below.

Differences and repetitions

TV series do not have a single way to organise the narrative accross a series of episodes. In terms of story/discourse distinction, there is limited anachrony in TV series. The succession of narrative events presented to the viewer roughly correspond to events that occur in the same order in the story. However, what changes is how various narrative arcs are distributed within the whole narrative. Formally, four cases can be distinguished

• A new arc is started and finished within a single episode, and this episode only contains this arc. This is the case of the proper series (in contrast with serials, see below), procedural dramas, or in short procedural. The typical case is the crime drama, where investigator are facing a new case for each episodes. All episodes the same "crew" of recurring characters, often the same setting, while new characters are introduced that are specific for the given episode. The same narrative structure is repeated, often in a formulaic way, for each episode. In the extreme case, there is no common existent shared between episodes, as in The Outer Limits. In other cases, only one main character remains (Columbo), while in other series use a cast of several recurring characters. Historically, this form of TV series is the oldest.
• Several arcs start and finish across the whole series. An arc can start in episode 1 and finish in episode 4, while another arc started in episode 2 and finishes in episode 7, etc. This is the typical case of soap operas. Soap operas have this distinctive feature that the story never ends (Bowler, 2000). Because new storylines start over and over while old ones finally resolve, the viewer is engaged in a continuous story that is perceived to go on forever. Soap operas do not have narrative closure.
• A large arc is combined with local arc. More recent TV series (Alias, Veronica Mars, 24) combine arcs that are confined within an episode with a large arc that find its resolution in the last episode. The local and global arcs are naturally interwoven, leading to a subtle mix of the pleasure of the local narrative closure and the global slowly progressing narrative (Mittel, 2006).
• Finally, a few TV series only contains a large narrative arc. A large story is simply split into a succession of episodes, which take most of their value from their insertion within the whole series. This if the case for example of the 1972's Le Avventure di Pinocchio, from L. Comencini.

Importantly, there are absolutely no clear boundaries between the forms exposed above. Typically, procedural crime series from the 1990's incorporates, to a variable degree, larger storylines, usually the storyline of the cops' personal life (Hill Street Blues, Without a Trace, The Shield). From the purely repetitive forms of the 1960's series (The Avengers) to multi-plot modern series (Lost), there exists a large room for variation that TV series are constantly exploring.

Complexity

Surprisingly, although TV series are a quite popular genre, they now offer a considerably high level of narrative complexity, that J. Mittel considers as a "distinct narrational mode" (Mittel, 2006). This complexity is firstly made possible by the total length of a TV series (a season) compared to a film. This complexity is first measured by the number of story lines co-existing in a single episode. In The Shield for example, oneepisode typically contains one or more police cases, several inter-cops plots, a global political plot and one or more familial plots. Some TV series even start with four or more plotlines, which develop and bounce until the end of the episode (Mittel, 2006). Complexity is also visible in the character development. Across 20 hours of drama, character can not only be rich and multifaceted but they also can also slowly and finely evolve. For example, in ER, the young inexperienced Carter becomes a leader in the hospital. Other forms of complexity are experienced by particular TV series, such as the extensive use of flashback (Lost), real-time 24 hour story (24), multiple identities (Alias). Narrative complexity is certainly not the privilege of TV series but what is typical to modern TV series is that they carry this complexity almost systematically while remaining a popular medium. These shows do sometimes require some competencies to be decoded by popular viewers, but they engage actively in such activities (Mittel, 2006), should they use other media, typically Internet, to gain help.

Reflexivity

The consequence of the always more complex storylines is that viewers are engaged in the reflective activity of observing how the narrative is constructed (Mittel, 2006). Interestingly, viewers experience both the immersive pleasure of following the actions of rich characters and the formal satisfaction of seing how several plots combine, how suspense is maintained, how characters are crafted, etc. They experience both F-emotions (fiction) and A-emotions (artifact), to follow Ed Tan's terminology (Tan, 2006). This kind of pleasure also grows because of the pervasive nature of TV series (see below), since viewers can discuss the show between episodes, in face to face or Internet forums.

Aesthetics of Interruption

If the dramatic arc crosses the episodes' boundaries, the narrative is necessarily interrupted. This interruption is part of the writing of the TV series and follows some rules specific to each show. A classical way to interrupt is the cliffhanger, which consists in interrupting the narrative at the point of maximum suspense. Another usual device is the "recap", that sum up the previous episodes ("previously on 24"). Another form of interruption, particularly salient in US, is the commercial break (Kozloff, 1992). Shows written for North American TV include this constraint right at the beginning of the scenario construction, so that the cut from and to the commercial remains smooth. Sarah Kozloff introduces the notion of schedule time, which extends the concepts of story time and discourse time in the discourse/story distinction made by Genette (Kozloff, 1992). The schedule time is the time when the show is scheduled. Not only the frequency of episodes but also what appears during the interruptions: breaks, announcements of the next episodes, etc. Schedule time is nothing but the time associated to the third level of narrative introduced by G. Genette, namely the narration level. But Genette had not discussed the time of this level, and how it could be a narrative device as well. Noteworthy, when discourse time and schedule time dissociate, the schedule time is not fully in the hands of the author. In books, it depends on how the reader organize his reading sessions. In TV series, it depends on the television broadcaster, which incorporates a supernarrator, personified by various means (logos, voice-over narrator, etc.) (Kozloff, 1992).

Pervasiveness

Between two epidosed, there is not only other TV broadcasting but also life itself. This has several consequences.

• First, between two episodes, the viewer think of the previous episode and anticipate the next one (in case of serials), and this process is repeated each week. This creates a great attachment to characters and their stories, as humouristically illustrated in the Nanni Moretti's movie Caro Diario (Dear Diary), where an italian, in the remote island of the Stromboli, asks across the valley American tourists about the future of a soap's characters, since the corresponding episodes have not yet been broadcasted in Italy.
• Second, this interest is shared between viewers, in particular via another medium, the Internet. Through the development of what is termed a fan culture, viewers of the TV series can share their views, understanding, interpretations about a given TV series. This phenomenon also supports the narrative complexity and reflectivity discussed above.
• Third, actors of the show have their lives too, which interferes with the show. When a main character dies in the narrative, it is always interpreted as "the actor decided to quit the show". When a character get pregnant, it is because the actor got pregnant, and the viewer can check this in the people press (for the first broadcast). In some cases, this interplay is voluntary reinforced, when private lifes of actors are "staged and strategized" to maximize the impact of the show (Bowles, 2000).
• Fourth, because the episodes of a series are often shot continuously, while previous episodes are broadcasted, they are able to incorporate recent historical real events that happen during the series. For example, a few months after 9/11, TV series were incorporating this major event into their stories
• Fifth, some series offer interesting "reality effects" for certain episodes. For example, in Ally McBeal, characters are fan of the singer Barry White, whose songs are often heard during the show. In one episode, Barry White appears as himself in the bar where characters usually meet, and sings. Another case is the crossover: a plot initiated in one series find its resolution in another series! This rare case is confusing and force to think in terms of "how did they do that?". This illustrates how the boundaries of the fictional world are more permeable in TV series than in other media (Kozloff, 1992).

Character-centered

Finally, the narratives developed by TV series tend to emphasize the interrelation between characters, rather than the plot itself. Many TV series evolve around families, groups of friends, neighborhoods, professional teams (hospital, police station, lawyer cabinet). Historically, this can be explained, for soap at least, by the fact that women were the main audience target, and women prefer this kind of shows (Bowles, 2000). But this is certainly the extreme length of the whole narrative that makes it more suitable to character-centered drama. In classical drama, every detail has its role, its meaning in the whole story. In a 20 hours drama, there is less chance that the viewer remembers the details that happened 10 hours before (in discourse time, much more in schedule time). But the building of rich character is efficiently obtained in TV series by small steps, in an impressionist way, by confronting the characters to a multitude of situations.

Relation with Interactive Storytelling

To be completed.

Systems/Tools using this theory

• Gadin
• I-Storytelling

To Be Completed.

Links

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References

• Bowles, K. (2000). Soap opera: 'No end of story, ever'. In G. Turner and S. Cunningham (Eds.), The Australian TV Book (pp 117-129). St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
• Kozloff, S. (1992). Narrative Theory and Television. In R.C. Allen (Ed.) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled (pp. 61–100). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
• Mittell, J. (2006). Narrative Complexity in Contemporary American Television. The Velvet Light Trap, 58, 29-40.
• Tan, E.S. (1996). Emotion and the structure of narrative film. Film as an emotion machine. Mahwah (NJ): Erlbaum.